ABSTRACT
La función de las amígdalas siempre ha sido discutida, desde afirmar que no tenían funcionalidad, hasta la actualidad que se plantea un papel inmunológico, con actividad linfocitaria de defensa, debido a la localización de linfocitos en el tejido de las amígdalas. Este artículo de actualización pretende describir desde la embriología, histología, fisiología, patología y estomatología, el rol que desempeñan las mismas en su papel inmunológico ante la acción de agentes patógenos. Se destaca la acción conjunta de las amígdalas palatinas, amígdalas faríngeas o adenoides, amígdalas peritubarias, amígdalas linguales y todo el resto de tejido linfático que conforman el anillo linfático faríngeo o anillo de Waldeyer, ya que cumplen un rol determinante en la defensa del organismo (AU)
The function of the tonsils has always been debated, from stating that they had no functionality, to the present day that an immunological role is proposed, with lymphocyte defense activity, due to the location of lymphocytes in the tissue of the tonsils. This update article aims to describe from embryology, histology, physiology, pathology and stomatology, the role they play in their immunological role against the action of pathogens. The joint action of the palatine tonsils, pharyngeal or adenoid tonsils, peritubal tonsils, lingual tonsils and all the rest of the lymphatic tissue that make up the pharyngeal lymphatic ring or Waldeyer's ring is highlighted, since they play a decisive role in the defense of the organism (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Palatine Tonsil/immunology , Adenoids/immunology , Lymphoid Tissue , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Lymphocytes/physiology , Mouth Diseases/immunologyABSTRACT
Las células B1, responsables de la producción de IgM sérica en ausencia de aparente estimulaciónantigénica, son linfocitos B maduros con ubicación anatómica y características fenotípicas y funcionalesparticulares. Los linfocitos B1 se ubican mayoritariamente en cavidad peritoneal y pleural, presentancaracterísticas de células activadas y son de mayor tamaño y complejidad citoplasmática que las células B convencionales.Mientras que estos últimos deben diferenciarse a células plasmáticas para poder secretarinmunoglobulinas, los linfocitos B1 liberan espontáneamente anticuerpos al medio extracelular operando bajoun programa de diferenciación particular. Los anticuerpos producidos por los linfocitos B1 tendrían un rol protector,ya que están implicados en la remoción de células envejecidas y apoptóticas, en mecanismos deinmunomodulación y en resistencia a infecciones, sin embargo su participación en procesos autoinmunes tambiénha sido sugerida. Muchos estudios han aportado información sobre el origen, desarrollo y diferenciaciónde los linfocitos B1, los cuales son analizados en esta revisión.
B1 lymphocytes are an anatomically, phenotypically, and functionally distinct subset ofB cells producing the bulk of natural serum IgM in the absence of any apparent stimulation by specific antigens.These cells are a dominant population of B cells in peritoneal and pleural cavities and they have characteristicsof activated cells and higher cell size and cytoplasmic complexity than conventional B cells. B1 cells spontaneouslysecrete antibodies and operate under a differentiation program that is unique and differs from the paradigmassociated with Ig-secreting B-2 cells. The antibodies produced by B1 cells may participate in a variety ofphysiological activities since they are involve in immune regulation, clearance of senescent and apoptotic cellsand resistance to infection. However, it has been suggested that they are also involved in autoimmunity. Manyadvances have been made to describe the origin, development and differentiation of B1 cells, which will beexamined here.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Autoimmunity , Antibodies/immunology , Antigens, CD/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Immune System/physiology , Peritoneal Cavity , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Peritoneal Cavity/cytology , Peritoneal Cavity/physiologySubject(s)
Humans , Immune System Diseases/diagnosis , Immune System/physiology , B-Lymphocytes/physiology , Clinical Diagnosis , Complement System Proteins/physiology , Antibody Formation/physiology , Immune System/cytology , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/classification , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/diagnosis , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology , Lymphatic System/anatomy & histology , T-Lymphocytes/physiologyABSTRACT
En la actualidad se reconoce que las interacciones que se suceden entre las células entre sí y de éstas con los componentes de la matriz extracelular se producen por la intervención de las Moléculas de Adhesión. Las Moléculas de adhesión son glucoproteínas distribuidas en gran cantidad de células que le permiten al organismo realizar funciones tanto fisiológicas, como la adhesión entre las células epiteliales, como fisiopatológicas, por ejemplo la inflamación. Es por ello que se hace imperativo conocer estas familias, para así entender los procesos que se desarrollan en las diversas actividades, normales o patológicas, de la cavidad bucal
Subject(s)
Fibronectins/physiology , Integrins/physiology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology , Receptors, Cytoadhesin/physiology , Selectins/physiology , Collagen/physiology , Glycoproteins/physiology , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Laminin/physiology , Macroglobulins/physiology , Mouth Diseases/immunology , Mouth/immunology , Selectins/physiologyABSTRACT
To study the immune response within the subarachnoid space in patients with neurocysticercosis, we measured the cerebrospinal fluid contents of immunoglobulins A, E, G, and M in 38 patients and the contents of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1b, IL-6 and IFN-gamma in 17 patients. The same measurements were made in 30 neurological patients without inflammatory or immune-mediated disorders. Each immunoglobulin and cytokine, including the gender and age of the patient, was compared by multiple regression analysis with the CSF contents of cells, protein and ELISA for cysticercal antigens. A direct correlation was found of IgM with cell content (p<0.058) and with ELISA values (p<0.027); of age with protein content (p<0.006); of IL-6 with protein content (p<0.018) and of IL-1b with ELISA values (p<0.004). An inverse correlation was found of glucose with ELISA values (p<0.008). A complex function of the immune response within the subarachonid space was observed: mean values of IgG, IgM, IgE and interleukins 1b and 6 were increased, whereas values of IgA, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were similar to those of controls
Subject(s)
Humans , Arachnoiditis/physiopathology , Cysticercosis/physiopathology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Antibody Formation/physiology , Immune System/cytology , Immunity, Cellular/physiology , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Interleukins/immunology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry , Subarachnoid Space/physiology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiologyABSTRACT
Con objeto de identificar fenómenos de autoinmunidad en la alergia respiratoria seleccionamos 68 pacientes, 30 con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica perenne (RAP) y 38 con rinitis alérgica perenne mas asma bronquial (RA+AB) a quienes se les cuantificó anticuerpos antinucleares y antimúsculo liso por técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta, encontrándolos negativos en todos los casos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis , Asthma/diagnosis , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/physiology , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Nasal Mucosa/physiopathology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/diagnosis , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody TechniqueABSTRACT
Os autores realizam uma revisäo sobre o papel de moléculas de adesäo sobre o desenvolvimento da resposta inflamatória, e mostram como a recente descriçäi dessas estruturas, expressas nas membranas dos leucócitos circulantes e da célula endotelial, têm esclarecido os processos de interaçäo leucócito-endotélio, fundamentais apra o recrutamento leucocitário. É discutido ainda, a açäo das principais drogas antiinflamatórias sobre a expressäo e funçäo dessas moléculas de adesäo e finalizando, é destacado o estudo de terapias anti-adesivas, como novas abordagens terapêuticas para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias
Subject(s)
Humans , Inflammation/physiopathology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Immunoglobulins/physiology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Integrins/physiology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistrySubject(s)
Humans , Paraproteinemias/complications , Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance/complications , Neuritis/physiopathology , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/complications , Immunoglobulins/physiology , B-Lymphocytes/physiology , Amyloidosis/complications , Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis , Neuritis/complications , Neuritis/therapy , Clinical Diagnosis , Antibody Formation/physiology , POEMS Syndrome/complicationsABSTRACT
Opsonophagocytosis of both Staph. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci was studied in 46 strains from different sources of infection. Opsonophagocytosis was found to be mediated by the antibody and complement [in normal human serum] but could be also mediated by antibody alone in absence of the complement [in heated serum]. Also, it could be mediated by the complement alone in the absence of the antibody [in absorbed serum]. Coagulase negative staphylococci was more susceptible to opsonophagocytosis than Staph. aureus strains. No difference in opsonophagocytosis was found according to difference of sources of isolation